Hey Pit...
My brother just did that last year with all his vinyl,
He used a program called Cool Edit and it captured the audio through the sound card, there are probably other programs but I'm not sure what they are.
He bought his program, should be something free out there.
All he had to do was hook up the phono out or tape out on his receiver to the aux in on sound card.
After capturing he could edit and then burn.

yeah, what myriagon said.

record off the soundcard, then edit, burn. makes sense to save files as wav of course, to not get lossy before burning them. also you might need a preamp if you're going direct off a record player, since their signal is often /very/ low.